V32-05 字根系列 clud, clus: close 「關閉」一次輕鬆學會！
文章編號：V32-05
高中時代背英文單字時，有沒有遇過include, conclusion, exclusive等單字，隱隱約約覺得它們長得滿像的，意思好像也有相關，但又說不出個所以然？
沒有錯唷～這種感覺其來有自，因為這些單字的確都跟字根clud, clus有關係，因此本篇文章日光英文將與大家分享字根系列clud,clus該如何使用！
字根clud,clus的意思
-clud, -clus源自於某拉丁文意思為close 「關閉」的動詞。此字根可以衍生出上面提到的三組高中高頻單字，以及兩組難度較高算7000單等級的單字。另外，本文將結合詞類變化跟朗文或劍橋字典例句，幫助各位加深對這些單字的印象，不只求理解好背，還強化字彙使用力唷～
1. con (together) + clude (close): 關在一起？什麼意思？想像一下把一堆找到的證據或事實「關在一起」會發生什麼事呢？答案是「下結論」。
conclude [kənˋklud] (vt, vi) 下結論
conclusion [kənˋkluʒən] (nC/U) 結論
conclusive [kənˋklusɪv] (adj.) 決定性的（可以幫忙下出結論的）
E.g.1: The report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.
「報告作出結論，這學校應該馬上關閉。」
（提醒：以下例句注意一下常用來搭配conclusion的動詞唷～）
E.g.2: I soon came to the conclusion that she was lying.
「我很快下出結論，她在說謊。」
E.g.3: It is still too early to reach a conclusion on this point.
「在這點上下結論還言之過早。」
E.g.4: There are perhaps two main conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion.
「從以上的討論可能可以做出兩個主要結論。」
E.g.5: It’s important not to jump to conclusions.
「不要驟下結論很重要。」
E.g.6: The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
「這調查沒有提供任何決定性的證據。」
衍生閱讀：con開頭的單字有好多～詳見V31-03字首co, col, com, con, cor的英文單字有哪些？一次學會字首co, col, com, con, cor的相關英文單字
2. ex (out) + clude (close): 關起來，又有out的意思？想像一下把一個地方關起來，叫別人出去，不讓進是什麼概念？就是「排除」囉～
exclude [ɪkˋsklud] (vt) 排除
exclusion [ɪkˋskluʒən] (nC/U) 排除
exclusive [ɪkˋsklusɪv] (adj.) 專屬的（因為都把別人排除在外了）
E.g.1: The judges decided to exclude evidence which had been unfairly obtained.
「法官決定要排除掉不法取的證據。」
E.g.2: However, technological advances also require workers and managers to keep updating their skills or risk exclusion from the labour market.
「然而，科技進步也促使員工和經理人要不斷更新技術，不然會有被勞動市場排擠掉的風險。」
E.g.3: Our firm has an exclusive contract to handle the company’s legal affairs.
「我們公司有簽了專屬合約，來處理這家公司的法律事務。」
3. in (in) + clude (close): 把東西都關進來，什麼意思呢？亦即「包含」。
include [ɪnˋklud] (vt) 包含
inclusion [ɪnˋkluʒən] (nC/U) 包含
inclusive [ɪnˋklusɪv] (adj.)包含在內的/ 包容性強的
include呈現的「包含」意象是像一張清單上「包含」很多東西的意思，跟contain那種想像中一個容器內「包含」或裝了很多東西的意象不太一樣。
有點抽象吼～可以用下面的例句去揣摩一下那種清單式的「包含」感吧～
E.g.1: Service is included in the bill.
「服務有包含在這費用裡了。」
E.g.2: Would you include a mobile phone on your list of essentials?
「你會把手機納入你的必需品清單中嗎？」
E.g.3: His inclusion in the team has caused controversy.
「他加入這團隊，引發了爭議。」
E.g.4: The rent is £120 a week, inclusive of heating.
「這租金是每週120英鎊，包含暖氣。」
(補充：這邊的,inclusive of heating = ,including heating =, heating included 這三個用法是一些高中英文段考愛考的題目:p)
E.g.5: Not everyone shares his vision of an inclusive America.
「不是每個人都同意他認為美國是包容性社會的想法。」
4. re (back) + clude (close): 把自己關起來，回去某個地方？可能那地方是個心歸屬之處？這種人就是「隱士」
recluse [rɪˋklus] (nC) 隱士
reclusive [rɪˋklusɪv] (adj.) 隱居的
E.g.1: She became a recluse after her two sons were murdered.
「她兩個兒子被謀殺後，她變成了隱士。」
E.g.2: She became increasingly reclusive after the tragedy.
「此悲劇之後，她越來越退隱山林。」
衍生閱讀：re開頭的單字有很多，之後詳見V31系列新文章
5. se(away) + clude (close): 關起來，遠離其他東西？這意思就是「隔絕 隔離」
seclude [sɪˋklud] (vt) 隔絕 隔離
seclusion [sɪˋkluʒən] (nU) 隔絕 隔離
secluded [sɪˋkludɪd] (adj.) 與世隔絕的
E.g.1: Typically, the bride would seclude herself in another room.
「基本上，新娘會把自己隔絕在另外一個房間。」
E.g.2: He preferred to stay at home in seclusion.
「他偏愛窩在家與世隔絕。」
E.g.3: He’s 80 years old now and lives a very secluded life.
「他現在80歲了，過著與世隔絕的生活。」
字根-clud, -clus總結 （共14個單字）
conclude [kənˋklud] (vt, vi) 下結論
conclusion [kənˋkluʒən] (nC/U) 結論
conclusive [kənˋklusɪv] (adj.) 決定性的（可以幫忙下出結論的）
exclude [ɪkˋsklud] (vt) 排除
exclusion [ɪkˋskluʒən] (nC/U) 排除
exclusive [ɪkˋsklusɪv] (adj.) 專屬的（因為都把別人排除在外了）
include [ɪnˋklud] (vt) 包含
inclusion [ɪnˋkluʒən] (nC/U) 包含
inclusive [ɪnˋklusɪv] (adj.)包含在內的/ 包容性強的
recluse [rɪˋklus] (nC) 隱士
reclusive [rɪˋklusɪv] (adj.) 隱居的
seclude [sɪˋklud] (vt) 隔絕 隔離
seclusion [sɪˋkluʒən] (nU) 隔絕 隔離
secluded [sɪˋkludɪd] (adj.) 與世隔絕的
-clud, -clus練習題: 請選出正確答案
1. The new law protects most workers, but _______ those on part-time contracts.
(A) concludes (B) excludes (C) includes (D) including
2. They stayed at a friend's beach house and enjoyed ten days of peace and _______.
(A)conclusion (B) inclusion (C) recluse (D) seclusion
3. We had ________ use of the house while he was away. Only we could use it.
(A) conclusive (B) exclusive (C) inclusive (D) reclusive
4. He had been a ________, completely isolated from the world, for the last ten years.
(A) exclusion (B) seclusion (C) recluse (D) inclusion
5. Our aim is to create a fairer, more _______ society.
(A) inclusive (B) conclusive (C) exclusive (D) reclusive
這些題目的答案想好了嗎？想好了，歡迎點我作答，該表單就會自動核對答案囉～如果還有問題，歡迎私訊我們的臉書粉專或IG帳號，亦或email我們，我們都會盡快回覆。